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Sources 101

A basic introduction to finding sources for papers and research.

Research 101: Credibility is contextual

Why isn't [X] a credible source?

That depends! There are all sorts of reasons why a source may not be considered reliable. Anything from the author to the date it was published to the information it contains to even where it was found by a researcher could affect an item's credibility. If you have any questions about why something is or isn't considered credible, check with your instructor or come to the library and ask; we're here to help you learn, and this is included!

Also, keep in mind that credibility is not one single thing. What matters is what the researcher (that's you!) is doing with the source and how they are interpreting its meaning. It's okay to list a very old news article as a source if you're writing a historical paper or writing background on a topic, but what you can't do is use a very old research article as evidence of current research. 

As always, if you have questions, ask early, and ask often!

Evaluating Your Sources With CRAAP

Criteria Questions to Ask
Currency
  • When was the source published?
  • Is the information continuously updated?
  • Does information on your topic change quickly (for example, a current event or issue in the health sciences)?  Or does the date the information was published matter less (for example, a historical topic)? 
Relevance
  • What audience was the source written for?  Is it popular or scholarly?
  • What type of information does the source contain?
  • Does the source cover your topic comprehensively or does it cover only one aspect?
  • How will you use the source to support your argument?
Authority
  • Does the source list the author?
  • Is the author qualified to write on the topic?  What are their credentials?
  • If it is a website, what is its domain?  For example, is it a university (.edu), government website (.gov), non-profit (.org) or a commercial website (.com)?
Accuracy
  • How do you know the information in the source is accurate?
  • Does the source cite its sources?
  • Can you verify the information in the source elsewhere?
  • How is it vetted for quality?  Is it peer-reviewed?  Is it subject to editorial review?
Purpose
  • What is the purpose of the source?  Is it to educate, entertain, advocate for a position, or sell something?
  • Is the source biased or is it written objectively?
  • Who is the source's intended audience?